Εμφάνιση αναρτήσεων με ετικέτα Myths. Εμφάνιση όλων των αναρτήσεων

29.1.17

Aegeus

Themis and Aegeus. Attic red-figure kylix, 440–430 BC. From Vulci.

Aegeus, in Greek mythology (Ancient Greek: Αἰγεύς) or Aegeas (Αιγέας), the son of Pandion and grandson of Cecrops. Aegeus: King of Athens; father (or stepfather) of Theseus and grandfather of Demophoon.

The "goat-man" who gave his name to the Aegean Sea was, next to Poseidon, the father of Theseus, the founder of Athenian institutions and one of the kings of Athens.

Arrival or departure of a young warrior or hero, maybe Theseus arriving at Athens and being recognized because of his sword by Aegeus. Apulian red-figured volute-krater, ca. 410–400 BC, from Ruvo (South Italy).

His reign

Upon the death of the king, Pandion II, Aegeus and his three brothers, Pallas, Nisos, and Lykos, took control of Athens from Metion, who had seized the throne from Pandion. They divided the government in four and Aegeus became king.

Aegeus' first wife was Meta,and his second wife was Chalciope. Still without a male heir, Aegeus asked the oracle at Delphi for advice. Her cryptic words were "Do not loosen the bulging mouth of the wineskin until you have reached the height of Athens, lest you die of grief."Aegeus did not understand the prophecy and was disappointed.

This puzzling oracle forced Aegeus to visit Pittheus, king of Troezen, who was famous for his wisdom and skill at expounding oracles. Pittheus understood the prophecy and introduced Aegeus to his daughter, Aethra, when Aegeus was drunk. They lay with each other, and then in some versions, Aethra waded to the island of Sphairia (a.k.a. Calauria) and bedded Poseidon. When Aethra became pregnant, Aegeus decided to return to Athens. Before leaving, he buried his sandal, shield, and sword under a huge rock and told her that, when their son grew up, he should move the rock and bring the weapons to his father, who would acknowledge him. Upon his return to Athens, Aegeus married Medea, who had fled from Corinth and the wrath of Jason. Aegeus and Medea had one son named Medus.

Conflict with Crete

While visiting in Athens, King Minos' son, Androgeus managed to defeat Aegeus in every contest during the Panathenaic Games. Out of jealousy, Aegeus sent him to conquer the Marathonian Bull, which killed him. Minos was angry and declared war on Athens. He offered the Athenians peace, however, under the condition that Athens would send seven young men and seven young women every nine years to Crete to be fed to the Minotaur, a vicious monster. This continued until Theseus killed the Minotaur with the help of Ariadne, Minos' daughter.

Theseus and the Minotaur

In Troezen, Theseus grew up and became a brave young man. He managed to move the rock and took his father's weapons. His mother then told him the identity of his father and that he should take the weapons back to him at Athens and be acknowledged. Theseus decided to go to Athens and had the choice of going by sea, which was the safe way, or by land, following a dangerous path with thieves and bandits all the way. Young, brave and ambitious, Theseus decided to go to Athens by land.

When Theseus arrived, he did not reveal his true identity. He was welcomed by Aegeus, who was suspicious about the stranger who came to Athens. Medea tried to have Theseus killed by encouraging Aegeus to ask him to capture the Marathonian Bull, but Theseus succeeded. She tried to poison him, but at the last second, Aegeus recognized his son and knocked the poisoned cup out of Theseus' hand. Father and son were thus reunited, and Medea was sent away to Asia.

Theseus departed for Crete. Upon his departure, Aegeus told him to put up white sails when returning if he was successful in killing the Minotaur. However, when Theseus returned, he forgot these instructions. When Aegeus saw the black sails coming into Athens, he jumped into the sea and drowned, mistaken in his belief that his son had been slain. Henceforth, this sea was known as the Aegean Sea.

Sophocles' tragedy Aegeus has been lost, but Aegeus features in Euripides' Medea.

Legacy

At Athens, the traveller Pausanias was informed in the second-century CE that the cult of Aphrodite Urania above the Kerameikos was so ancient that it had been established by Aegeus, whose sisters were barren, and he still childless himself.

The Legent of Aegeus

Sounion

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The Legend of Aegeus

ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ

Theseus slays the Minotaur. Detail from Attic red-figure pelike. ca. 470 BC. From Cerveteri, Italy. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco

According to Greek Mythology, Cape Sounion is the spot where Aegeus, king of Athens, leapt to his death off the cliff, thus giving his name to the Aegean Sea.The story goes that Aegeus, anxiously looking out from Sounion, despaired when he saw a black sail on his son Theseus's ship, returning from Crete. This led him to believe that his son had been killed in his contest with the dreaded Minotaur, a monster that was half man and half bull. The Minotaur was confined by its owner, King Minos of Crete, in a specially designed labyrinth. Every year, according to the myth, the Athenians were forced to send seven men and seven women to Minos as tribute. These youths were placed in the labyrinth to be devoured by the Minotaur. Theseus had volunteered to go with the third tribute and attempt to slay the beast. He had agreed with his father that if he survived the contest, he would hoist a white sail on his return. In fact, Theseus had successfully overcome and slain the Minotaur, but tragically had simply forgotten about the white sail.

The earliest literary reference to Sounion is in Homer's poem the Odyssey, probably composed in the 8th century BC. This recounts the mythical tribulations suffered by Greek hero Odysseus in a gruelling 10-year sea-voyage to return to his native island, Ithaca, in the Ionian Sea, from the sack of Troy. This ordeal was supposedly inflicted upon him by Poseidon, to whom the temple at Sounion was dedicated. The story recounts that as the various Greek commanders sailed back from Troy, the helmsman of the ship of King Menelaus of Sparta died at his post while rounding "holy Sounion, cape of Athens". Menelaus landed at Sounion to give his companion full funeral honours (i.e., cremation on a funeral pyre on the beach). The Greek ships were then caught by a storm off Cape Malea and scattered in all directions.

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25.1.17

The Myth of Aphaea (Britomartis)

ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΑ

Pantheon

Mythology: Myths - Persons

Temple of Aphaia

The Greek goddess Aphaea or Aphaia is exclusive to the island of Aegina. The myth of Aphaea dates back into the Ancient Era from about the 14th century BC and could have been a Minoan Goddess. Aphaea was the goddesses of fertility and was worshipped to bring good fortune to farmers of Aegina. The Greek archaic temple built on Aegina to Aphaea is of the Doric order and was constructed in about 500BC. The slender Doric columns and the relative proportions of the temple of Aphaea led experts to associate the temple with the female goddess.

Britomartis was the Minoan goddess of the mountains and hunting, in close relation to Diktynna and Aphaea, forerunner of Potnia theron (Mistress of Animals) and Artemis, partly identified with them.

The name Sweet Maid or Sweet Virgin is connected with the mythical story of Britomartis, the same as her later names - Diktynna in Crete and Aphaea (Aphaia) in Aegina (Aigina). According to a late myth, Britomartis was the daughter of Zeus and Carme, daughter of Euboulos. A virgin was pursued by Minos, she was running away from him, finally she threw herself into the nets. Artemis made her a goddess with the name Diktynna. She became the goddess of the mountains and the shores and ports, sometimes she is called the goddess of nets. In another version of the myth Britomartis escaped into the island Aegina, where she was worshipped as Aphaea, the protectoress of the island.

She was worshipped as Dictynna, goddess of the nets (dictys) or of Cretan Mount Dicte. The Greeks also identified her with Aphaea, a primitive local goddess of Aegina whose temple there is famous for its pedimental sculptures.

After the introduction of the worship of Artemis into Crete, Britomartis, between whom and Artemis there were several points of resemblance, was placed in some relation to her: Artemis, who loved her, assumed her name and was worshipped under it, and in the end the two divinities became completely identified, as we see from the story which makes Britomartis a daughter of Leto. (Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 189, with the Schol.; Paus. ii. 30. § 3; Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1402; Eurip. Iphig. Taur. 126; Aristoph. Ran. 1358; Virg. Cir. 305.) The myths of Britomartis is given by some of the authorities just referred to. She was a daughter of Zeus and Carme, the daughter of Eubulus. She was a nymph, took great delight in wandering about hunting, and was beloved by Artemis. Minos, who likewise loved her, pursued her for nine months, but she fled from him and at last threw herself into the nets which had been set by fishermen, or leaped from mount Dictynnaeum into the sea, where she became entangled in the nets, but was saved by Artemis, who now made her a goddess. She was worshipped not only in Crete, but appeared to the inhabitants of Aegina, and was there called Aphaea, whereas in Crete she received the surname Dictymna or Dictynna (from diktuon, a net; comp. Diod. v. 76). According to another tradition, Britomartis was fond of solitude, and had vowed to live in perpetual maidenhood. From Phoenicia (for this tradition calls her mother Carme, a daughter of Phoenix) she went to Argos, to the daughters of Erasinus, and thence to Cephallenia, where she received divine honours from the inhabitants under the name of Laphria. From Cephallenia she came to Crete, where she was pursued by Minos; but she fled to the sea-coast, where fishermen concealed her under their nets, whence she derived the surname Dictynna. A sailor, Andromedes, carried her from Crete to Aegina, and when, on landing there, he made an attempt upon her chastity, she fled from his vessel into a grove, and disappeared in the sanctuary of Artemis. The Aeginetans now built a sanctury to her, and worshipped her as a goddess. (Anton. Lib. 40.) These wanderings of Britomartis unquestionably indicate the gradual diffusion of her worship in the various maritime places of Greece mentioned in the legend. Her connexion and ultimate identification with Artemis had naturally a modifying influence upon the notions entertained of each of them. As Britomartis had to do with fishermen and sailors, and was the protectress of harbours and navigation generally, this feature was transferred to Artemis also, as we see especially in the Arcadian Artemis; and the temples of the two divinities, therefore, stood usually on the banks of rivers or on the sea-coast. As, on the other hand, Artemis was considered as the goddess of the moon, Britomartis likewise appears in this light: her disappearance in the sea, and her identification with the Aeginetan Aphaea, who was undoubtedly a goddess of the moon, seem to contain sufficient proof of this, which is confirmed by the fact, that on some coins of the Roman empire Dictynna appears with the crescent. Lastly, Britomartis was like Artemis drawn into the mystic worship of Hecate, and even identified with her. (Eurip. Hippol. 141, with the Schol.)

DICTE (Diktê), a nymph from whom mount Dicte in Crete was said to have received its name. She was beloved and pursued by Minos, but she threw herself into the sea, where she was caught up and saved in the nets (diktuon) of fishermen. Minos then desisted from pursuing her, and ordered the district to be called the Dictaean. (Serv. ad Aen. iii. 171.)

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths Part 4

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths 3 Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths 5

12.6.16

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths Part 3

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths

Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths 2 Lane Fox the origin of the Greek Myths 4

Hunting for the Real Locations Behind Greek Myths

By Cliff Blaylock

Why is it that the myths of Ancient Greece have not only been able to survive, but continue to have a profound and lasting effect on audiences and the world to this day? The Olympic games, still the greatest sporting event on the planet, were supposedly originally held by Hercules in honor of Zeus, while mythological beasts such as cyclops, hippogriffs and krakens still rampage in modern blockbusters as they did in the minds of Greek storytellers. When it comes to Greek myths it seems that we are just as fascinated as ever.

Not all myths are thought to be complete fabrications however, some are considered to have genuine roots relating to historic events that have become warped and adapted over time. Constantly, archaeologists are finding evidence of such places, and just as you can visit the ancient Colosseum of Rome and the ruins of Sparta, so you can set foot on the places where some of the most well known tales of mythology are thought to have been born.

Taking the Path of the Gods

We start our journey on the island of Crete, at the base of her tallest mountain, Mount Ida. This unassuming formation, hidden deep in the island’s mountainous center, is the perfect spot for a bit of sightseeing, hiking or concealing the future king of the gods from his overzealous and paranoid father. Cronus, one of the original titans in Greek mythology, attempted to destroy all his offspring in order to prevent a prophecy that predicted his downfall at the hands of one his children. One after the other, he devoured his children, except when it came to Zeus, whom Rhea, Zeus’ mother, managed to hide in a cave far from the reach of Cronus. The Greeks believed that this cave can be found beneath Mount Ida of Crete, and for many years it was a site of worship and pilgrimage. Now the cave is open to public viewing, and after a 20 minute hillside climb and around 200 steps into the cave itself, you’ll be wandering through the halls where Zeus, arguably the most famous being in all of Greek mythology, is said to have spent the first years of his life.

Monster or Mammal?

Crete is not only Zeus’ childhood home however, it is also known for being the birthplace of a rather more ferocious mythological creature: the monstrous one-eyed cyclops. Examples of skulls have been found all over the island, as well as many other places in Greece, which come from a creature with one big eye socket, huge sets of teeth and sometimes long and powerful looking tusks. At the time, the Greeks would have had no knowledge of a creature that looked anything like the skull they just happened upon, and so the cyclops was born. We know today though, that these skulls actually belonged to Deinotherium giganteum, a prehistoric relative of the elephant, and that the single, massive, eyehole wasn’t actually for an eye at all, but instead for its massive trunk. Fearsome as elephants can sometimes be, I think we can all agree that a cyclops makes for a much more exciting story behind the mysterious fossils.

From Riches To Rags

Although not technically in modern day Greece, the River Pactolus in western Turkey is still an important part of their mythological heritage. It was here along the riverbanks that King Midas, the man with the golden touch, was said to have rid himself of his powers after struggling to eat and drink by casting them into the water. Although a moral story of greed and desire, the myth is likely to have told as an explanation for why the river was so rich in gold dust during this period. Flowing along the riverbed in the sands, the gold was used to build some of the richest civilizations in the country’s history. We now know it was being brought down into the waters from the nearby mountains, however, it was on the banks of this river that the myth turned from story to legend.

Taking Archaeology to New Depths

Besides the modern-day concept of hell from Christianity, there is no more famous afterlife experience in western culture than the legendary underworld of Greek mythology. Only a handful of heroes have ever willingly taken a trip into this dark and disturbing world, but this is exactly what archaeologists think they have been doing for the fast 60 years. In the 1950s, a man walking his dog along a beach in Diros Bay on the Southern Greek coast came across a tiny entrance to a vast cave system that had lain undiscovered for millennia. Inside, evidence of civilization was found dating back 9,000 years and archaeologists believed they found one of the finest examples of a prehistoric burial site in the world. However, it’s the appearance and atmosphere of the cave that really seems to have inspired the myth. Dark red cave walls, riddled with sharp rocks and stalactites complete with a black lake cutting between two sides of the cave. Sound familiar? Add to that the fact that the cave was lost to history thousands of years ago when its entrance collapsed, trapping hundreds of screaming souls inside, and you really do have the perfect location for hell on earth.

Getting Lost In Mythology

After taking our detour to the European mainland, we return to the beautiful island of Crete for another journey into Greek mythology. It may come as a surprise that so much happened on this island far off the Greek coast, but during the era of the Ancient Greeks, it was a major hub of activity and life, second only to the city of Athens. Here, on the island’s southern shores, you’ll find the archaeological site of Kommos, nestled on the island’s picturesque and rustic hillsides. As you venture through the ruins of the ancient city streets, you’ll soon find yourself in a veritable maze of tight paths, corridors and walkways. A labyrinth within the city. Similarly, archaeologists have found another series of tunnels and corridors forming a labyrinth like structure nearby, this time underground in a cave outside the site of Gortyn. It is thought that King Minos, famous for feeding his enemies to the vicious Minotaur, lived and ruled from this area. Archaeologist even believe they have found his throne room in the ruins of Kommos. It is possible then, that the myth of the Minotaur came from these very labyrinths. Or perhaps the tales are true, and the beast still stalks their hallways. We think it’s better to visit the island of Crete, and find out for yourself.

Sail the Greek Mediterranean With Captain Cliff Blaylock and discover Mythological and historical sites all over the Greek Islands.